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[K3GTSRB1] - Dataset analysis and preparation¶

Episode 1 : Analysis of the GTSRB dataset and creation of an enhanced dataset

Objectives :¶

  • Understand the complexity associated with data, even when it is only images
  • Learn how to build up a simple and usable image dataset

The German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) is a dataset with more than 50,000 photos of road signs from about 40 classes.
The final aim is to recognise them !

Description is available there : http://benchmark.ini.rub.de/?section=gtsrb&subsection=dataset

What we're going to do :¶

  • Understanding the dataset
  • Preparing and formatting enhanced data
  • Save enhanced datasets in h5 file format

Step 1 - Import and init¶

In [1]:
import os, time, sys
import csv
import math, random

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import h5py

from skimage.morphology import disk
from skimage.util import img_as_ubyte
from skimage.filters import rank
from skimage import io, color, exposure, transform

from importlib import reload

import fidle

# Init Fidle environment
run_id, run_dir, datasets_dir = fidle.init('K3GTSRB1')


FIDLE - Environment initialization

Version              : 2.3.2
Run id               : K3GTSRB1
Run dir              : ./run/K3GTSRB1
Datasets dir         : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle
Start time           : 22/12/24 21:22:22
Hostname             : r3i5n3 (Linux)
Tensorflow log level : Info + Warning + Error  (=0)
Update keras cache   : False
Update torch cache   : False
Save figs            : ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs (True)
numpy                : 2.1.2
sklearn              : 1.5.2
yaml                 : 6.0.2
skimage              : 0.24.0
matplotlib           : 3.9.2
pandas               : 2.2.3

Step 2 - Parameters¶

The generation of datasets may require some time and space : 10' and 10 GB.

You can choose to perform tests or generate the whole enhanced dataset by setting the following parameters:
scale : 1 mean 100% of the dataset - set 0.2 for tests (need 2 minutes with scale = 0.2)
progress_verbosity: Verbosity of progress bar: 0=silent, 1=progress bar, 2=One line
output_dir : where to write enhanced dataset, could be :

  • ./data, for tests purpose
  • <datasets_dir>/GTSRB/enhanced to add clusters in your datasets dir.

Uncomment the right lines according to what you want :

In [2]:
# ---- For smart tests :
#
scale      = 0.2
output_dir = './data' 

# ---- For a Full dataset generation :
#
# scale      = 1
# output_dir = f'{datasets_dir}/GTSRB/enhanced'

# ---- Verbosity
#
progress_verbosity = 2

Override parameters (batch mode) - Just forget this cell

In [3]:
fidle.override('scale', 'output_dir', 'progress_verbosity')

** Overrided parameters : **
scale                : 1
output_dir           : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced

Step 3 - Read the dataset¶

Description is available there : http://benchmark.ini.rub.de/?section=gtsrb&subsection=dataset

  • Each directory contains one CSV file with annotations : GT-<ClassID>.csv and the training images
  • First line is fieldnames: Filename ; Width ; Height ; Roi.X1 ; Roi.Y1 ; Roi.X2 ; Roi.Y2 ; ClassId

3.1 - Understanding the dataset¶

The original dataset is in : <dataset_dir>/GTSRB/origine.
There is 3 subsets : Train, Test and Meta.
Each subset have an csv file and a subdir with images.

In [4]:
df = pd.read_csv(f'{datasets_dir}/GTSRB/origine/Test.csv', header=0)
display(df.head(10))
Width Height Roi.X1 Roi.Y1 Roi.X2 Roi.Y2 ClassId Path
0 53 54 6 5 48 49 16 Test/00000.png
1 42 45 5 5 36 40 1 Test/00001.png
2 48 52 6 6 43 47 38 Test/00002.png
3 27 29 5 5 22 24 33 Test/00003.png
4 60 57 5 5 55 52 11 Test/00004.png
5 52 56 5 5 47 51 38 Test/00005.png
6 147 130 12 12 135 119 18 Test/00006.png
7 32 33 5 5 26 28 12 Test/00007.png
8 45 50 6 5 40 45 25 Test/00008.png
9 81 86 7 7 74 79 35 Test/00009.png

3.2 - Usefull functions¶

A nice function for reading a dataset from an index.csv file.
Input: an intex.csv file
Output: an array of images ans an array of corresponding labels

In [5]:
def  read_csv_dataset(csv_file): 
    '''
    Reads traffic sign data from German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark dataset.
    Arguments:  
        csv filename :  Description file, Example /data/GTSRB/Train.csv
    Returns:
        x,y          :  np array of images, np array of corresponding labels
    '''

    path = os.path.dirname(csv_file)
    name = os.path.basename(csv_file)

    # ---- Read csv file
    #
    df = pd.read_csv(csv_file, header=0)
    
    # ---- Get filenames and ClassIds
    #
    filenames = df['Path'].to_list()
    y         = df['ClassId'].to_list()
    x         = []
    
    # ---- Read images
    #
    for filename in filenames:
        image=io.imread(f'{path}/{filename}')
        x.append(image)
        fidle.utils.update_progress(name,len(x),len(filenames), verbosity=progress_verbosity)
    
    # ---- Return
    #
    return np.array(x,dtype=object),np.array(y)

3.2 - Read the data¶

We will read the following datasets:

  • Train subset, for learning data as : x_train, y_train
  • Test subset, for validation data as : x_test, y_test
  • Meta subset, for visualisation as : x_meta, y_meta

The learning data will be randomly mixted and the illustration data (Meta) sorted.
Will take about 1'30s on HPC or 45s on my labtop.

In [6]:
chrono=fidle.Chrono()

chrono.start()

# ---- Read datasets

(x_train,y_train) = read_csv_dataset(f'{datasets_dir}/GTSRB/origine/Train.csv')
(x_test ,y_test)  = read_csv_dataset(f'{datasets_dir}/GTSRB/origine/Test.csv')
(x_meta ,y_meta)  = read_csv_dataset(f'{datasets_dir}/GTSRB/origine/Meta.csv')
    
# ---- Shuffle train set

x_train, y_train = fidle.utils.shuffle_np_dataset(x_train, y_train)

# ---- Sort Meta

combined = list(zip(x_meta,y_meta))
combined.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])
x_meta,y_meta = zip(*combined)

chrono.show()

Train.csv        [########################################] 100.0% of 39209

Test.csv         [########################################] 100.0% of 12630
Meta.csv         [########################################] 100.0% of 43
Datasets have been shuffled.
Duration :  111.79 seconds

Step 4 - Few statistics about train dataset¶

We want to know if our images are homogeneous in terms of size, ratio, width or height.

4.1 - Do statistics¶

In [7]:
train_size  = []
train_ratio = []
train_lx    = []
train_ly    = []

test_size   = []
test_ratio  = []
test_lx     = []
test_ly     = []

for image in x_train:
    (lx,ly,lz) = image.shape
    train_size.append(lx*ly/1024)
    train_ratio.append(lx/ly)
    train_lx.append(lx)
    train_ly.append(ly)

for image in x_test:
    (lx,ly,lz) = image.shape
    test_size.append(lx*ly/1024)
    test_ratio.append(lx/ly)
    test_lx.append(lx)
    test_ly.append(ly)

4.2 - Show statistics¶

In [8]:
figsize=(10,4)
# ------ Global stuff
print("x_train shape : ",x_train.shape)
print("y_train shape : ",y_train.shape)
print("x_test  shape : ",x_test.shape)
print("y_test  shape : ",y_test.shape)

# ------ Statistics / sizes
plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
plt.hist([train_size,test_size], bins=100)
plt.gca().set(title='Sizes in Kpixels - Train=[{:5.2f}, {:5.2f}]'.format(min(train_size),max(train_size)), 
              ylabel='Population', xlim=[0,30])
plt.legend(['Train','Test'])
fidle.scrawler.save_fig('01-stats-sizes')
plt.show()

# ------ Statistics / ratio lx/ly
plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
plt.hist([train_ratio,test_ratio], bins=100)
plt.gca().set(title='Ratio lx/ly - Train=[{:5.2f}, {:5.2f}]'.format(min(train_ratio),max(train_ratio)), 
              ylabel='Population', xlim=[0.8,1.2])
plt.legend(['Train','Test'])
fidle.scrawler.save_fig('02-stats-ratios')
plt.show()

# ------ Statistics / lx
plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
plt.hist([train_lx,test_lx], bins=100)
plt.gca().set(title='Images lx - Train=[{:5.2f}, {:5.2f}]'.format(min(train_lx),max(train_lx)), 
              ylabel='Population', xlim=[20,150])
plt.legend(['Train','Test'])
fidle.scrawler.save_fig('03-stats-lx')
plt.show()

# ------ Statistics / ly
plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
plt.hist([train_ly,test_ly], bins=100)
plt.gca().set(title='Images ly - Train=[{:5.2f}, {:5.2f}]'.format(min(train_ly),max(train_ly)), 
              ylabel='Population', xlim=[20,150])
plt.legend(['Train','Test'])
fidle.scrawler.save_fig('04-stats-ly')
plt.show()

# ------ Statistics / classId
plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
plt.hist([y_train,y_test], bins=43)
plt.gca().set(title='ClassesId', ylabel='Population', xlim=[0,43])
plt.legend(['Train','Test'])
fidle.scrawler.save_fig('05-stats-classes')
plt.show()

x_train shape :  (39209,)
y_train shape :  (39209,)
x_test  shape :  (12630,)
y_test  shape :  (12630,)
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/01-stats-sizes
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Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/02-stats-ratios
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Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/03-stats-lx
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Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/04-stats-ly
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Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/05-stats-classes
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Step 5 - List of classes¶

What are the 43 classes of our images...

In [9]:
fidle.scrawler.images( x_meta,y_meta, range(43), columns=8, x_size=1.4, y_size=1.4, 
                       colorbar=False, y_pred=None, cm='binary', save_as='06-meta-signs')
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/06-meta-signs
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Step 6 - What does it really look like¶

In [10]:
# ---- Get and show few images

samples = [ random.randint(0,len(x_train)-1) for i in range(32)]
fidle.scrawler.images( x_train,y_train, samples, columns=8, x_size=1.5, y_size=1.5, 
                       colorbar=False, y_pred=None, cm='binary', save_as='07-real-signs')
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/07-real-signs
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Step 7 - dataset cooking...¶

Images must :

  • have the same size to match the size of the network,
  • be normalized.

It is possible to work on rgb or monochrome images and to equalize the histograms.

See : Exposure with scikit-image
See : Local histogram equalization
See : Histogram equalization

7.1 - Enhancement cooking¶

A nice function for preparing our data.
Input: a set of images (numpy array)
Output: a enhanced images, resized and reprocessed (numpy array)

In [11]:
def images_enhancement(images, width=25, height=25, proc='RGB'):
    '''
    Resize and convert images - doesn't change originals.
    input images must be RGBA or RGB.
    Note : all outputs are fixed size numpy array of float32
    args:
        images :         images list
        width,height :   new images size (25,25)
        mode :           RGB | RGB-HE | L | L-HE | L-LHE | L-CLAHE
    return:
        numpy array of enhanced images
    '''
    lz={ 'RGB':3, 'RGB-HE':3, 'L':1, 'L-HE':1, 'L-LHE':1, 'L-CLAHE':1}[proc]
    
    out=[]
    for img in images:
        
        # ---- if RGBA, convert to RGB
        if img.shape[2]==4:
            img=color.rgba2rgb(img)
            
        # ---- Resize
        img = transform.resize(img, (width,height))

        # ---- RGB / Histogram Equalization
        if proc=='RGB-HE':
            hsv = color.rgb2hsv(img.reshape(width,height,3))
            hsv[:, :, 2] = exposure.equalize_hist(hsv[:, :, 2])
            img = color.hsv2rgb(hsv)
        
        # ---- Grayscale
        if proc=='L':
            img=color.rgb2gray(img)
            
        # ---- Grayscale / Histogram Equalization
        if proc=='L-HE':
            img=color.rgb2gray(img)
            img=exposure.equalize_hist(img)
            
        # ---- Grayscale / Local Histogram Equalization
        if proc=='L-LHE':        
            img=color.rgb2gray(img)
            img = img_as_ubyte(img)
            img=rank.equalize(img, disk(10))/255.
        
        # ---- Grayscale / Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE)
        if proc=='L-CLAHE':
            img=color.rgb2gray(img)
            img=exposure.equalize_adapthist(img)
            
        # ---- Add image in list of list
        out.append(img)
        fidle.utils.update_progress('Enhancement: ',len(out),len(images))

    # ---- Reshape images
    #     (-1, width,height,1) for L
    #     (-1, width,height,3) for RGB
    #
    out = np.array(out,dtype='float32')
    out = out.reshape(-1,width,height,lz)
    return out

7.2 - To get an idea of the different recipes¶

In [12]:
i=random.randint(0,len(x_train)-16)
x_samples = x_train[i:i+16]
y_samples = y_train[i:i+16]

datasets  = {}

datasets['RGB']      = images_enhancement( x_samples, width=25, height=25, proc='RGB'  )
datasets['RGB-HE']   = images_enhancement( x_samples, width=25, height=25, proc='RGB-HE'  )
datasets['L']        = images_enhancement( x_samples, width=25, height=25, proc='L'  )
datasets['L-HE']     = images_enhancement( x_samples, width=25, height=25, proc='L-HE'  )
datasets['L-LHE']    = images_enhancement( x_samples, width=25, height=25, proc='L-LHE'  )
datasets['L-CLAHE']  = images_enhancement( x_samples, width=25, height=25, proc='L-CLAHE'  )

fidle.utils.subtitle('EXPECTED')
x_expected=[ x_meta[i] for i in y_samples]
fidle.scrawler.images(x_expected, y_samples, range(12), columns=12, x_size=1, y_size=1,
                colorbar=False, y_pred=None, cm='binary', save_as='08-expected')

fidle.utils.subtitle('ORIGINAL')
fidle.scrawler.images(x_samples,  y_samples, range(12), columns=12, x_size=1, y_size=1, 
                colorbar=False, y_pred=None, cm='binary', save_as='09-original')

fidle.utils.subtitle('ENHANCED')
n=10
for k,d in datasets.items():
    print("dataset : {}  min,max=[{:.3f},{:.3f}]  shape={}".format(k,d.min(),d.max(), d.shape))
    fidle.scrawler.images(d, y_samples, range(12), columns=12, x_size=1, y_size=1, 
                    colorbar=False, y_pred=None, cm='binary', save_as=f'{n}-enhanced-{k}')
    n+=1

Enhancement:     [################] 100.0% of 16
Enhancement:     [################] 100.0% of 16
Enhancement:     [################] 100.0% of 16
Enhancement:     [################] 100.0% of 16
Enhancement:     [################] 100.0% of 16
Enhancement:     [################] 100.0% of 16


EXPECTED

Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/08-expected
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ORIGINAL

Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/09-original
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ENHANCED

dataset : RGB  min,max=[0.023,1.000]  shape=(16, 25, 25, 3)
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/10-enhanced-RGB
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dataset : RGB-HE  min,max=[0.001,1.000]  shape=(16, 25, 25, 3)
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/11-enhanced-RGB-HE
No description has been provided for this image 
dataset : L  min,max=[0.025,1.000]  shape=(16, 25, 25, 1)
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/12-enhanced-L
No description has been provided for this image 
dataset : L-HE  min,max=[0.002,1.000]  shape=(16, 25, 25, 1)
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/13-enhanced-L-HE
No description has been provided for this image 
dataset : L-LHE  min,max=[0.000,1.000]  shape=(16, 25, 25, 1)
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/14-enhanced-L-LHE
No description has been provided for this image 
dataset : L-CLAHE  min,max=[0.000,1.000]  shape=(16, 25, 25, 1)
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/15-enhanced-L-CLAHE
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7.3 - Cook and save¶

A function to save a dataset (h5 file)

In [13]:
def save_h5_dataset(x_train, y_train, x_test, y_test, x_meta,y_meta, filename):
        
    # ---- Create h5 file
    with h5py.File(filename, "w") as f:
        f.create_dataset("x_train", data=x_train)
        f.create_dataset("y_train", data=y_train)
        f.create_dataset("x_test",  data=x_test)
        f.create_dataset("y_test",  data=y_test)
        f.create_dataset("x_meta",  data=x_meta)
        f.create_dataset("y_meta",  data=y_meta)
        
    # ---- done
    size=os.path.getsize(filename)/(1024*1024)
    print('Dataset : {:24s}  shape : {:22s} size : {:6.1f} Mo   (saved)'.format(filename, str(x_train.shape),size))

Generate enhanced datasets :

In [14]:
# ---- Size and processings
#
all_size= [24, 48]
all_proc=['RGB', 'RGB-HE', 'L', 'L-LHE']

# ---- Do it
#
chrono.start()

n_train = int( len(x_train)*scale )
n_test  = int( len(x_test)*scale )

fidle.utils.subtitle('Parameters :')
print(f'Scale is : {scale}')
print(f'x_train length is : {n_train}')
print(f'x_test  length is : {n_test}')
print(f'output dir is     : {output_dir}\n')

fidle.utils.subtitle('Running...')

fidle.utils.mkdir(output_dir)

for s in all_size:
    for m in all_proc:
        # ---- A nice dataset name
        filename = f'{output_dir}/set-{s}x{s}-{m}.h5'
        fidle.utils.subtitle(f'Dataset : {filename}')
        
        # ---- Enhancement
        #      Note : x_train is a numpy array of python objects (images with <> sizes)
        #             but images_enhancement() return a real array of float64 numpy (images with same size)
        #             so, we can save it in nice h5 files
        #
        x_train_new = images_enhancement( x_train[:n_train], width=s, height=s, proc=m )
        x_test_new  = images_enhancement( x_test[:n_test],   width=s, height=s, proc=m )
        x_meta_new  = images_enhancement( x_meta,            width=s, height=s, proc='RGB' )
        
        # ---- Save
        save_h5_dataset( x_train_new, y_train[:n_train], x_test_new, y_test[:n_test], x_meta_new,y_meta, filename)

x_train_new,x_test_new=0,0

print('\nDone.')
chrono.show()


Parameters :

Scale is : 1
x_train length is : 39209
x_test  length is : 12630
output dir is     : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced


Running...


Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-24x24-RGB.h5

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 39209

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 12630
Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 43

Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-24x24-RGB.h5  shape : (39209, 24, 24, 3)     size :  342.4 Mo   (saved)


Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-24x24-RGB-HE.h5

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 39209

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 12630
Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 43

Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-24x24-RGB-HE.h5  shape : (39209, 24, 24, 3)     size :  342.4 Mo   (saved)


Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-24x24-L.h5

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 39209

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 12630
Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 43
Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-24x24-L.h5  shape : (39209, 24, 24, 1)     size :  114.6 Mo   (saved)


Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-24x24-L-LHE.h5

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 39209

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 12630
Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 43
Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-24x24-L-LHE.h5  shape : (39209, 24, 24, 1)     size :  114.6 Mo   (saved)


Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-48x48-RGB.h5

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 39209

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 12630

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 43

Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-48x48-RGB.h5  shape : (39209, 48, 48, 3)     size : 1368.4 Mo   (saved)


Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-48x48-RGB-HE.h5

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 39209

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 12630

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 43

Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-48x48-RGB-HE.h5  shape : (39209, 48, 48, 3)     size : 1368.4 Mo   (saved)


Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-48x48-L.h5

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 39209

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 12630
Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 43

Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-48x48-L.h5  shape : (39209, 48, 48, 1)     size :  457.1 Mo   (saved)


Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-48x48-L-LHE.h5

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 39209

Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 12630
Enhancement:     [########################################] 100.0% of 43

Dataset : /lustre/fswork/projects/rech/mlh/uja62cb/fidle-project/datasets-fidle/GTSRB/enhanced/set-48x48-L-LHE.h5  shape : (39209, 48, 48, 1)     size :  457.1 Mo   (saved)

Done.
Duration :  478.47 seconds

Step 8 - Reload data to be sure ;-)¶

In [15]:
chrono.start()

dataset='set-24x24-L'
samples=range(24)

with  h5py.File(f'{output_dir}/{dataset}.h5','r') as f:
    x_tmp = f['x_train'][:]
    y_tmp = f['y_train'][:]
    print("dataset loaded from h5 file.")

fidle.scrawler.images(x_tmp,y_tmp, samples, columns=8, x_size=1.5, y_size=1.5, 
                colorbar=False, y_pred=None, cm='binary', save_as='16-enhanced_images')
x_tmp,y_tmp=0,0

chrono.show()

dataset loaded from h5 file.
Saved: ./run/K3GTSRB1/figs/16-enhanced_images
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Duration :  3.97 seconds
In [16]:
fidle.end()

End time : 22/12/24 21:32:41
Duration : 00:10:19 304ms
This notebook ends here :-)
https://fidle.cnrs.fr


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